The European mainland refers to the large landmass that constitutes the majority of Europe, excluding its islands. It includes countries such as France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, which are connected by land borders. The mainland is characterized by diverse landscapes, including mountains, plains, and rivers, contributing to its rich cultural and historical significance. This region is home to many major cities, such as Berlin, Paris, and Madrid, which serve as political, economic, and cultural centers. The European mainland plays a crucial role in the continent's history, being the site of significant events, movements, and developments that have shaped modern Europe.