European exploration refers to the period from the late 15th to the early 17th centuries when European nations sought new trade routes and territories. Driven by the desire for spices, gold, and new lands, explorers like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan embarked on voyages across the oceans. This era led to the discovery of the Americas and the circumnavigation of the globe, significantly expanding European knowledge of the world. The exploration resulted in the establishment of colonies and trade networks, impacting indigenous populations and global economies. Countries such as Spain, Portugal, and later England and France competed for dominance, leading to cultural exchanges and conflicts. This period laid the groundwork for the modern world, shaping international relations and trade.