Estonian literature encompasses the written works produced in the Estonian language and reflects the country's rich cultural heritage. It began to take shape in the 19th century, with notable early works by authors like Carl Robert Jakobson and Lydia Koidula, who contributed to the national awakening and identity. In the 20th century, Estonian literature flourished, particularly during the period of independence from 1918 to 1940. Prominent figures such as Jaan Kross and A. H. Tammsaare explored themes of identity, history, and social issues, while contemporary authors continue to gain recognition both locally and internationally.