Empress Catherine the Great was the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until 1796. Born in Germany in 1729, she married the future Emperor Peter III and became empress after his overthrow. Catherine is known for her efforts to modernize Russia and expand its territory. During her reign, Catherine implemented significant reforms in government, education, and culture, promoting the arts and the Enlightenment ideas. She also expanded the Russian Empire through military victories and diplomatic efforts, notably gaining territories in Poland and Crimea. Her legacy includes a more centralized and powerful state.