Electrochemical sensors are devices that detect and measure chemical substances by converting their concentration into an electrical signal. They typically consist of an electrode system that interacts with the target analyte, producing a measurable current or voltage change. These sensors are widely used in various applications, including environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and industrial processes. The operation of electrochemical sensors relies on principles of electrochemistry, where chemical reactions occur at the electrode surface. Common types include potentiometric, amperometric, and conductometric sensors, each suited for different types of measurements. Their sensitivity and specificity make them valuable tools in both research and practical applications.