Ecological succession is the natural process through which ecosystems change and develop over time. It involves a series of stages where different communities of plants and animals replace one another, leading to a more stable and mature ecosystem. This process can occur after disturbances, such as wildfires or glacial retreats, allowing new species to colonize and thrive in the altered environment. There are two main types of ecological succession: primary succession, which occurs in lifeless areas where soil has not yet formed, and secondary succession, which takes place in areas where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact. Both types contribute to biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.