Earth System Models (ESMs) are complex computer simulations that help scientists understand how different components of the Earth interact with each other. These components include the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and biosphere. By simulating these interactions, ESMs can predict changes in climate, weather patterns, and ecosystems over time. ESMs use mathematical equations to represent physical processes and are informed by real-world data. They are essential tools for studying the impacts of human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions, on the climate system. Policymakers and researchers rely on ESMs to make informed decisions about environmental management and climate change mitigation.