An Earth System Model (ESM) is a complex computer simulation that represents the interactions between various components of the Earth's system, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and biosphere. These models help scientists understand how different processes, such as climate change and human activities, affect the planet's environment over time. ESMs use mathematical equations to simulate physical, chemical, and biological processes. By incorporating data from sources like satellites, weather stations, and ocean buoys, they can predict future climate scenarios and assess potential impacts on ecosystems and human societies.