The Early Medieval period, often referred to as the Dark Ages, spans roughly from the 5th to the 10th century. It began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was characterized by a decline in urban life, trade, and literacy in Europe. This era saw the rise of various kingdoms and tribes, including the Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings, who shaped the political landscape. During this time, the spread of Christianity played a significant role in unifying diverse cultures. Monasteries became centers of learning and preservation of knowledge, while the Carolingian Empire, under leaders like Charlemagne, sought to revive art and education. The period laid the groundwork for the later development of medieval Europe.