The Duke of Parma was a title held by the rulers of the Duchy of Parma, a small state in northern Italy. Established in the 16th century, the duchy was part of the Spanish Empire and later came under the control of the House of Bourbon. The title was significant in European politics, especially during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The most notable Duke of Parma was Ferdinand of Bourbon, who ruled from 1622 to 1646. Under his leadership, the duchy experienced cultural growth, including advancements in art and architecture. The title eventually became extinct in the 19th century, following the unification of Italy.