The Duchy of Tuscany was a historical state in central Italy, established in the 15th century. It was ruled by the Medici family, who played a significant role in the region's political and cultural development. The duchy included cities like Florence, Siena, and Pisa, which were important centers of art and trade. The duchy existed until the late 18th century when it was absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. This larger entity continued to influence Italian culture and politics until the unification of Italy in the 19th century, marking the end of many independent states in the region.