Don Pedro II was the second and last emperor of Brazil, reigning from 1831 to 1889. He ascended to the throne at just five years old after his father, Don Pedro I, abdicated. His reign is noted for significant cultural, economic, and scientific advancements in Brazil. Under Don Pedro II's leadership, Brazil experienced modernization and the abolition of slavery in 1888. He was a strong advocate for education and infrastructure development, promoting railways and telegraphs. However, his reign ended with a military coup, leading to the establishment of a republic in Brazil.