A decision problem is a type of problem in computer science and mathematics where the goal is to determine whether a certain statement or condition is true or false. These problems often involve a set of inputs and require a yes or no answer based on specific criteria. Examples include determining if a number is prime or if a graph is connected. In computational theory, decision problems are important for understanding the limits of what can be computed. They are often classified into complexity classes, such as P and NP, which help researchers analyze how efficiently these problems can be solved.