Czech philosophy has a rich tradition that dates back to the Middle Ages, influenced by both Western and Eastern thought. Key figures include Jan Hus, a precursor to the Reformation, and Tomáš Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia, who integrated philosophy with politics and ethics. In the 20th century, Czech philosophy was marked by the rise of phenomenology and existentialism, with thinkers like Edmund Husserl and Jan Patočka contributing significantly. The philosophical landscape also reflects the country's historical struggles, including the impact of totalitarian regimes, which shaped discussions on freedom, identity, and morality.