Cylindrical coordinates are a three-dimensional coordinate system that extends the two-dimensional polar coordinates by adding a height component. In this system, a point in space is represented by three values: the radial distance r from a central axis, the angular coordinate θ that indicates the angle around the axis, and the height z above the base plane. This system is particularly useful in situations where objects have cylindrical symmetry, such as pipes, cylinders, or tubes. By using cylindrical coordinates, complex problems in physics and engineering can be simplified, making calculations easier and more intuitive.