Custom hardware refers to specialized physical components designed to meet specific requirements for a particular application or project. Unlike off-the-shelf products, custom hardware is tailored to optimize performance, efficiency, or functionality for unique tasks, such as in embedded systems, robotics, or medical devices. This type of hardware can include anything from custom circuit boards to unique enclosures and connectors. By creating hardware that fits precise needs, developers can enhance the overall effectiveness of their systems, often leading to improved reliability and user experience in products like smartphones or automated machinery.