"Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know" is a book by E.D. Hirsch Jr. that emphasizes the importance of shared knowledge in a society. It argues that understanding common cultural references, historical events, and significant figures is essential for effective communication and participation in civic life. The book outlines a list of concepts, events, and figures that Hirsch believes every American should know, such as the Declaration of Independence, Shakespeare, and the Civil War. By promoting cultural literacy, Hirsch aims to enhance education and foster a more informed and cohesive society.