A "Crusade" refers to a series of religious wars initiated by the Christian states of Europe during the medieval period, primarily aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim control. The most notable Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries, with the First Crusade starting in 1096. These campaigns were marked by battles, sieges, and the establishment of Crusader states in the region. The Crusades were not only military endeavors but also involved significant cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims. They influenced trade, art, and knowledge, leading to the transmission of ideas and technologies between the two civilizations. The legacy of the Crusades continues to impact Christian-Muslim relations today.