Counting Theory is a branch of mathematics that focuses on counting, arranging, and analyzing discrete structures. It provides tools to determine the number of ways to select or arrange objects, often using principles like the addition principle and multiplication principle. This theory is essential in various fields, including combinatorics, probability, and computer science. One of the key concepts in Counting Theory is permutations, which count the arrangements of a set of items, and combinations, which count the selections of items without regard to order. These concepts help solve problems related to games, statistics, and optimization, making Counting Theory a vital area of study in mathematics.