Cosmic catastrophes refer to large-scale astronomical events that can have devastating effects on planets, including Earth. Examples include supernovae, which are powerful explosions of dying stars, and gamma-ray bursts, which release intense radiation and can disrupt the atmosphere of nearby planets. These events can lead to mass extinctions and significant changes in the environment. Another type of cosmic catastrophe is the impact of asteroids or comets colliding with Earth. Such impacts can cause widespread destruction, including massive fires, tsunamis, and climate changes. The most famous example is the Chicxulub impact, believed to have contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs around 66 million years ago.