Contractualism is a moral theory that suggests that the principles of justice and morality are based on agreements or contracts among individuals. It emphasizes the idea that moral rules should be those that no one could reasonably reject, focusing on mutual respect and fairness in social cooperation. This approach often highlights the importance of individual perspectives and the need for consensus in ethical decision-making. The theory is often associated with philosophers like Thomas Scanlon, who argues that moral principles should be justified to others based on their ability to accept them. Contractualism contrasts with other ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, which prioritizes overall happiness rather than individual agreement.