Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) are systems made up of many interconnected parts that adapt and evolve over time. These systems can be found in nature, such as ecosystems, or in human-made environments, like economies and organizations. The interactions among the components lead to unpredictable behaviors and patterns, making them difficult to control or predict. In a CAS, individual agents, such as animals, people, or cells, act based on their own rules and responses to their environment. As these agents interact, they create new structures and behaviors, demonstrating how simple rules can lead to complex outcomes. This adaptability is crucial for survival and innovation in changing conditions.