Compilation techniques are methods used to transform high-level programming languages into machine code that a computer can execute. This process involves several stages, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, optimization, and code generation. Each stage plays a crucial role in ensuring that the final output is efficient and error-free. One common technique is just-in-time compilation, which compiles code at runtime rather than beforehand. This allows for optimizations based on the current execution context, improving performance. Other techniques include static compilation, where the entire program is compiled before execution, and interpretation, where code is executed line-by-line without producing a separate machine code file.