Cognitive effects refer to changes in mental processes such as thinking, memory, attention, and problem-solving. These effects can result from various factors, including medications, substance use, mental health conditions, or neurological disorders. Understanding cognitive effects is essential for assessing how these factors influence daily functioning and overall quality of life. In research, cognitive effects are often measured through tests that evaluate different aspects of cognition, such as reaction time and memory recall. These assessments help identify impairments or improvements in cognitive abilities, guiding treatment options and interventions for individuals experiencing cognitive challenges.