Chromosomal translocations occur when a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can lead to genetic changes that may disrupt normal gene function. Translocations can be balanced, where no genetic material is lost, or unbalanced, where there is a gain or loss of genetic material, potentially causing health issues. These genetic alterations are often associated with certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma. In these cases, translocations can create fusion genes that promote uncontrolled cell growth. Understanding translocations is crucial for diagnosing and developing targeted therapies for these diseases.