Chromosomal aberrations are changes in the structure or number of chromosomes in a cell. These alterations can lead to genetic disorders and may occur during cell division. Common types include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, which can disrupt normal gene function. These abnormalities can be caused by various factors, including environmental influences, radiation, and certain chemicals. In humans, chromosomal aberrations can result in conditions such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, affecting physical and cognitive development. Early detection through genetic testing can help manage these conditions effectively.