Chromatographic techniques are methods used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances. They work by passing a mixture through a medium, where different components move at different rates, allowing for their separation. Common types include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, each suited for specific applications in chemistry and biochemistry. These techniques are widely used in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, environmental testing, and food safety. By identifying and quantifying individual components, chromatographic methods help ensure product quality and safety, making them essential tools in laboratories and industries worldwide.