Charles I of England was the king from 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was the son of James I and believed in the divine right of kings, which meant he thought he had the authority to rule without needing to consult Parliament. His reign was marked by conflicts with Parliament over issues like taxation and religious reforms. These tensions led to the English Civil War, a series of conflicts between the royalists, who supported Charles, and the parliamentarians, who opposed him. Ultimately, Charles was defeated, captured, and tried for treason, resulting in his execution, which significantly changed the monarchy's power in England.