The Census of Population is a systematic count of the number of people living in a specific area, typically conducted every ten years. It collects demographic information such as age, sex, race, and housing status, providing valuable data for government planning and resource allocation. This data helps inform decisions on public services, such as schools and healthcare, and is essential for political representation, as it determines the distribution of congressional districts. The census aims to ensure that all individuals are counted, promoting fair representation and access to resources.