Causality refers to the relationship between causes and effects, where one event (the cause) leads to the occurrence of another event (the effect). In scientific research, understanding causality is crucial for developing accurate models that can predict outcomes based on specific interventions or changes in conditions. Models of causality help researchers reason about complex systems and make inferences from data. Techniques such as causal diagrams and statistical methods are used to identify and quantify causal relationships, allowing for better decision-making in fields like epidemiology, economics, and social sciences.