Causal inference is a method used to determine whether one event or action causes another. For example, researchers might want to know if smoking leads to lung cancer. By analyzing data from various studies, they can identify patterns and relationships that suggest a causal link, rather than just a correlation. To make accurate causal inferences, scientists often use techniques like randomized controlled trials or observational studies. These methods help to control for other factors that might influence the outcome, ensuring that the observed effects are truly due to the cause being studied. This is crucial for making informed decisions in fields like medicine and social science.