Catastrophic phenomena refer to sudden and extreme events that cause significant damage or disruption to the environment, society, or economy. Examples include natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions, which can lead to loss of life, destruction of property, and long-term ecological impacts. These events can also be triggered by human activities, such as nuclear accidents or oil spills, which can have devastating effects on communities and ecosystems. Understanding these phenomena is crucial for disaster preparedness and response, helping to mitigate their impacts and protect vulnerable populations.