Cardiac malformations, also known as congenital heart defects, are structural problems with the heart that are present at birth. These defects can affect the heart's walls, valves, or blood vessels, leading to issues with blood flow. Common types include ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot. The exact cause of cardiac malformations is often unknown, but they can result from genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as some defects may require surgery or other interventions to improve heart function and overall health.