The Byzantine period refers to the era of the Byzantine Empire, which lasted from approximately 330 AD, when Constantinople was established as the capital, until 1453 AD, when the city fell to the Ottoman Empire. This period is characterized by a rich blend of Roman, Greek, and Christian influences, leading to significant developments in art, architecture, and law. During the Byzantine period, the empire became known for its unique style of Christian art, particularly in the form of mosaics and icons. The Hagia Sophia, a monumental church built under Emperor Justinian I, exemplifies the architectural achievements of this time. The Byzantine Empire also played a crucial role in preserving ancient texts and knowledge, influencing the Renaissance in Western Europe.