Burmese history dates back to ancient times, with the establishment of the Pyu city-states around the 1st century CE. The region saw the rise of the Bagan Kingdom in the 11th century, which unified much of present-day Myanmar and is known for its impressive temples and cultural achievements. In the 19th century, British colonial rule began, leading to significant changes in governance and society. After gaining independence in 1948, Myanmar faced political challenges, including military coups and ongoing ethnic conflicts, shaping its modern history and development.