Bulgarian rulers have played a significant role in the history of Bulgaria, a country in Southeast Europe. The first notable ruler was Asparuh, who founded the First Bulgarian Empire in the 7th century. Over the centuries, various dynasties, such as the Krum and Shishman dynasties, contributed to the expansion and consolidation of the Bulgarian state. The Second Bulgarian Empire emerged in the 12th century, with rulers like Ivan Asen II strengthening the nation. These leaders were instrumental in promoting Orthodox Christianity and fostering a rich cultural heritage, which included the development of the Cyrillic alphabet and significant achievements in art and literature.