British Sudan refers to the period when Sudan was under British-Egyptian rule from 1899 to 1955. This arrangement was established after the defeat of the Mahdist forces, leading to a condominium government where both Britain and Egypt shared control. The British aimed to modernize the region, focusing on infrastructure, education, and agriculture. During this time, significant developments occurred, including the construction of the Sudan Railways and the introduction of cash crops like cotton. However, British policies often favored certain ethnic groups, leading to tensions and conflicts. The struggle for independence eventually culminated in Sudan gaining sovereignty in 1956.