Bounding techniques are methods used in various fields, such as mathematics and computer science, to establish limits or constraints on a problem or solution. These techniques help in estimating the best and worst possible outcomes, which can simplify complex problems and make them more manageable. By defining upper and lower bounds, researchers can focus their efforts on the most promising areas of investigation. In optimization problems, bounding techniques can significantly reduce the search space, allowing for faster and more efficient algorithms. For example, in operations research, techniques like branch and bound are employed to systematically explore possible solutions while eliminating those that do not meet the established bounds. This approach enhances problem-solving efficiency and accuracy.