Bone anatomy refers to the structure and organization of bones in the human body. Bones are composed of a dense outer layer called cortical bone and a spongy inner layer known as trabecular bone. They provide support, protect vital organs, and facilitate movement by serving as attachment points for muscles. Bones are made up of cells, fibers, and a mineralized matrix primarily composed of calcium phosphate. They contain various types of cells, including osteoblasts for bone formation, osteoclasts for bone resorption, and osteocytes that maintain bone tissue. Additionally, bones are connected by joints and surrounded by periosteum, a protective membrane.