Bolshevik Russia refers to the period following the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power from the Provisional Government. This marked the beginning of a new socialist state, which aimed to implement Marxist principles and redistribute land and resources among the working class. The Bolsheviks faced significant challenges, including a civil war against anti-Bolshevik forces known as the White Army. Despite these struggles, they established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1918, which later became part of the Soviet Union in 1922, fundamentally transforming Russian society and politics.