Biological substrates refer to the materials or surfaces that support biological processes, such as growth, development, and metabolism. These substrates can include organic matter, soil, or even the surfaces of living organisms. They provide essential nutrients and a habitat for various organisms, including plants, bacteria, and fungi, facilitating interactions within ecosystems. In the context of cellular biology, biological substrates can also refer to the molecules that enzymes act upon during biochemical reactions. For example, in the metabolic pathways of cells, substrates are transformed into products, enabling vital functions like energy production and synthesis of necessary compounds.