Biofilm formation is a process where microorganisms, such as bacteria, adhere to surfaces and each other, creating a structured community. This begins when individual cells attach to a surface, often in moist environments, and start to produce a slimy matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This matrix helps protect the cells and facilitates communication between them. As the biofilm matures, it can develop complex structures and channels that allow nutrients and waste products to flow through. Biofilms can form on various surfaces, including medical devices, pipes, and natural environments, and they play significant roles in both beneficial and harmful processes in ecosystems and human health.