Beta electrons are subatomic particles that are emitted during a type of radioactive decay known as beta decay. This process occurs when a neutron in an unstable atomic nucleus transforms into a proton, releasing a beta electron (also called a beta minus particle) and an antineutrino. Beta electrons carry a negative charge and have a relatively small mass compared to protons and neutrons. These particles play a significant role in nuclear physics and are important in various applications, including nuclear medicine and radiation therapy. Beta electrons can penetrate materials more effectively than alpha particles, making them useful for certain diagnostic and treatment procedures in healthcare.