Beta cells are specialized cells located in the pancreas, specifically in clusters known as the islets of Langerhans. Their primary function is to produce and secrete insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When you eat, beta cells release insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells, providing them with energy. In individuals with diabetes, the function or number of beta cells can be impaired. In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys these cells, leading to little or no insulin production. In Type 2 diabetes, beta cells may become dysfunctional over time, resulting in insufficient insulin secretion to meet the body's needs.