Bess of Hardwick (c. 1527–1608) was a prominent English noblewoman known for her wealth and influence during the Tudor period. She was born into a modest family but became one of the richest women in England through her marriages and shrewd investments in land. Bess was the builder of Hardwick Hall, a grand estate that showcased her status and architectural vision. Throughout her life, Bess was closely associated with the Elizabethan court and had connections to notable figures, including Mary, Queen of Scots. She was the mother of several children, including William Cavendish, who later became the 1st Earl of Devonshire. Bess's legacy endures through her descendants and her contributions to English history.