Behavioral conditioning is a learning process that involves modifying behavior through reinforcement or punishment. It is based on the principles established by psychologists like B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response. For example, Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell when it was paired with food. In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped by consequences. Positive reinforcement encourages a behavior by providing a reward, while negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus. This method is widely used in various settings, including education and animal training, to promote desired behaviors.