Automated Driving Systems (ADS) refer to technologies that enable vehicles to operate without human intervention. These systems use a combination of sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence to navigate roads, detect obstacles, and make driving decisions. The goal of ADS is to improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and enhance mobility for all users. There are different levels of automation, ranging from Level 0, where the human driver is fully in control, to Level 5, where the vehicle can drive itself in all conditions. Companies like Waymo and Tesla are actively developing and testing these systems to bring fully automated vehicles to the market.