Austro-Marxism is a political and economic theory that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in Austria. It sought to adapt Marxist principles to the unique conditions of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, emphasizing the importance of national identity and cultural autonomy alongside class struggle. Key figures included Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who argued for a democratic and pluralistic approach to socialism. This ideology advocated for the cooperation of various nationalities within a multi-ethnic state, promoting the idea that socialism could be achieved through democratic means rather than revolution. Austro-Marxism also emphasized the role of trade unions and political parties in advancing workers' rights and social reforms.