Argentina's history began with indigenous peoples, such as the Mapuche and Guaraní, who inhabited the region for thousands of years. In the 16th century, Spanish explorers arrived, leading to colonization. Buenos Aires was founded in 1536 and again in 1580, becoming a key port for trade. In the early 19th century, Argentina fought for independence from Spain, officially declared in 1816. The country experienced political turmoil, including civil wars and the rise of leaders like Juan Manuel de Rosas. By the late 19th century, Argentina emerged as a significant agricultural exporter, shaping its modern economy and society.