Argentina's history began with indigenous peoples, such as the Mapuche and Guaraní, who inhabited the region for thousands of years. In the 16th century, Spanish explorers arrived, leading to colonization. The area became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, which included present-day Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia. In 1810, Argentina began its struggle for independence from Spain, achieving it in 1816. The country faced internal conflicts, including civil wars, and eventually established a federal government in the mid-19th century. Throughout the 20th century, Argentina experienced political turmoil, economic challenges, and periods of military rule, shaping its modern identity.